Who Watches the Robotaxis: Remote Assistance Teams, Ratios, Shifts and Training

How it was measured

The companies' answers to U.S. Senate inquiries, their own posts and filings, regulators and reporting by major outlets, each linked with a verbatim quote kept in the dataset. Each row carries a link to its publication and gives the number exactly as published, with no estimates or conversions. A note under every figure says what it covers.

Remote assistance

People who answer a driverless vehicle's request for guidance in a situation it cannot resolve; most companies say they advise the vehicle rather than drive it.

Ratio

How many vehicles or robots one remote assistant or supervisor watches, as the company states it.

Limits of this data

• Built only from public sources. Anything never announced or reported is absent, and private-company figures are whatever the company or the press said, unaudited.
• Companies count staff differently (agents on duty at once, agents employed, vehicles per supervisor), so counts are not compared directly.
• Most facts come from what companies chose to disclose to lawmakers and the public.

Collection and classification of listings are explained on the methodology page. Freshness, completeness and consistency are tested daily in the data quality report.

Monthly editions

The live page shows the dataset as of its latest review, and new events join it once they are made public. Every finished month also gets its own edition, locked two days after month end, so a number quoted from it stays fixed.

• Live pageLatest review

Quoting this report

You may quote, chart or republish these figures under CC BY 4.0, provided you link back to this page. The live numbers shift every day. For a figure that stays put, quote a monthly edition, or note the date you accessed this page.

@misc{robottrainingjobs_robotaxi_remote_assistance_workforce_live,
  author = {{RobotTraining.jobs}},
  title = {Who Watches the Robotaxis: Remote Assistance Teams, Ratios, Shifts and Training (live data, 24 Aug 2023 to 18 Oct 2026)},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://robottraining.jobs/research/robotaxi-remote-assistance-workforce}},
  note = {Accessed 18 Oct 2026},
}

Files: every figure in one CSV (a row per value) or as JSON. Each figure can also be downloaded separately. Other open data: datasets and API.

Keep reading

• Funding and Valuations of the Companies That Train RobotsHow much money has gone into the companies that hire people to train and operate robots, and at what valuations?Open report
• Revenue and Scale of the Companies That Run RobotsHow much revenue do the listed companies that operate delivery robots and autonomous vehicles book, and how large are their operations?Open report
• Robot Operator Legal Tracker: Rules, Inquiries, Rulings and LayoffsWhich laws, permits, inquiries, rulings and layoffs concern the people who operate and supervise robots and autonomous vehicles, and where do they stand?Open report
• Who Is Buying Robot Training Data: Deals, Paid Programs and Dataset ReleasesWhich companies pay for, license, commission or release training data for robots, embodied AI, autonomous vehicles and drones, from whom, and what kind of data?Open report
• Robot Training Data Vendors: Who Sells It, to Whom, and What They PayWhich companies sell robot training data or the human work behind it (teleoperation, demonstrations, egocentric capture, annotation, AV and drone operation), who are their customers, how big are they and what do they pay workers?Open report
• How Robotics Labs Collect Their Own Training Data: Facilities, Teams, Hours and PayWhich robotics, humanoid, embodied-AI, AV and drone companies collect training data with their own people, how (teleoperation, wearable cameras, safety drivers), at what scale, and what do they pay?Open report
• What Robot Training Data Costs: Buyer Prices and What Recorders Are PaidWhat does an hour of robot, teleoperation or first-person training data cost the company that buys it, and what are the people who record it or teleoperate paid?Open report
• Open Robot Training Datasets: Size, Collection Method and LicenceWhich public datasets teach robots, embodied AI, self-driving systems and drones, who released them, how many hours and episodes do they hold and how was the data collected?Open report
• Teleoperation Companies: Remote Driving and Remote Robot Operators, Pay and FundingWhich companies run remote driving or remote robot operation, where do their operators work, what are they paid, who are their customers and how are they funded?Open report
• How Much Data Robot Foundation Models Are Trained On: Hours, Teleoperation and Human VideoHow many hours and episodes of data were robot foundation models (pi0, GR00T, Gemini Robotics, Helix, GEN-0 and others) trained on, and how much of it came from people teleoperating robots or filming their own hands?Open report
• Humanoid Robots in the Real World: Units Shipped, Deployments, Customers and PricesHow many humanoid robots have been built and shipped, where are they deployed, who has ordered them and what do they cost?Open report
• Robotaxi Fleets and Cities: Fleet Sizes, Paid Rides, Safety Operators and PermitsHow many vehicles does each robotaxi service run, in which cities, how many paid rides does it give, and does a safety driver or monitor still ride along?Open report
• Drone Delivery at Scale: Deliveries, Markets, FAA Approvals and Drones per PilotHow many deliveries have Zipline, Wing, Amazon Prime Air, Manna and others made, where do they fly, under which approvals, and how many drones does one remote pilot oversee?Open report
• Apps and Programs That Pay You to Record Robot Training DataWhich apps and programs pay people to film household chores or work tasks, wear a head camera or teleoperate from home for robot training, what do they pay, who can join, which device is needed and how do they pay out?Open report
• The Hardware Behind Robot Training Data: Headsets, Capture Glasses, Grippers, Leader Arms and SuitsWhich VR headsets, first-person cameras, handheld grippers, leader-follower arms, gloves and motion-capture rigs are used to collect robot training data, what do they cost and who uses them?Open report
• Autonomous Trucking in Operation: Driverless Lanes, Miles, Observers and CustomersWhich autonomous trucks run without a driver, on which lanes, for which freight customers, how many miles have they driven, and does a safety driver or observer still ride in the cab?Open report
• China's Robot Data Collection Centres: Size, Robots, Collectors, Pay and Data ProducedWhere are China's state-backed and company-run embodied-AI data collection and training centres, when did they open, how big are they, how many robots and data collectors work there, what are collectors paid and how much data have they produced?Open report
• Pay in Robot Data and Operator Work: What Reporting Has FoundWhat have reporters and researchers documented about the pay and conditions of robot data collectors and teleoperators, and what do open roles here advertise?Open report
• Robot Training Pay Report 2026How much do robot training jobs pay, broken down by kind of work and employer?Open report

Browse all 80 reports