{"name":"Who Watches the Robotaxis: Remote Assistance Teams, Ratios, Shifts and Training (live data, 24 Aug 2023 to 18 Oct 2026)","question":"How many people remotely assist robotaxis, autonomous trucks and delivery robots, where do they work, what shifts do they keep, what training do they need and how many vehicles does each one watch?","source":"The companies' answers to U.S. Senate inquiries, their own posts and filings, regulators and reporting by major outlets, each linked with a verbatim quote kept in the dataset.","publisher":"RobotTraining.jobs","url":"https://robottraining.jobs/research/robotaxi-remote-assistance-workforce","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","citation":"RobotTraining.jobs (2026). Who Watches the Robotaxis: Remote Assistance Teams, Ratios, Shifts and Training (live data, 24 Aug 2023 to 18 Oct 2026). https://robottraining.jobs/research/robotaxi-remote-assistance-workforce (accessed 18 Oct 2026)","frozen_at":null,"report":"robotaxi-remote-assistance-workforce","method":1,"edition":null,"window":{"from":"2023-08-24","to":"2026-10-18","days":1152},"computedAt":"2026-10-18T20:07:26.211Z","summary":"21 robotaxi, autonomous truck and delivery robot companies have said how many people remotely assist their vehicles, where those people work, their shifts, training and pay; 61 facts, each linked to its source.","stats":[{"id":"companies","value":"21","label":"companies on record","figure":"companies"},{"id":"facts","value":"61","label":"sourced facts","figure":"facts"},{"id":"ratio","value":"10","label":"stated staff counts and ratios","figure":"ratio"}],"findings":[{"id":"most-documented","figure":"companies","text":"Tesla has published the most about its remote assistance team (9 sourced facts)."},{"id":"where","figure":"companies","text":"7 companies say where their remote staff work, from in-house U.S. centres to teams abroad."},{"id":"ratio","figure":"ratio","text":"10 stated staff counts and operator-to-vehicle ratios from 10 companies."},{"id":"work","figure":"work","text":"24 facts describe the job itself: licences and certifications required, shift lengths and pay."}],"figures":[{"id":"companies","title":"The remote assistance teams behind robotaxis, trucks and delivery robots","question":"How many people remotely assist each company's driverless vehicles, where do they work and what shifts do they keep?","columns":[{"key":"company","label":"Company","unit":"text"},{"key":"staff","label":"Remote staff or ratio","unit":"text"},{"key":"where","label":"Where they work","unit":"text","secondary":true},{"key":"shifts","label":"Shifts","unit":"text","secondary":true},{"key":"facts","label":"Sourced facts","unit":"count","bar":true}],"rows":[{"key":"tesla","href":"/platforms/tesla-optimus","source":{"label":"Office of Senator Edward J. 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Markey (Wayback Machine copy)","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261007195414/https://www.markey.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/company_responses_to_rao_letter.pdf","date":"2026-03-31"},"cells":{"company":"Tesla","kind":"Training and requirements","fact":"Tesla remote operators get classroom and behind-the-wheel training, and Tesla tries to select candidates with prior ride-hailing or other in-vehicle experience.","date":"26 Mar 2026","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"tesla-40","source":{"label":"Business Insider (via AOL)","url":"https://www.aol.com/articles/tesla-registered-more-1-000-110102949.html","date":"2025-12-21"},"cells":{"company":"Tesla","kind":"Safety drivers","fact":"A CPUC spokesperson said Tesla had registered 798 drivers and 1,655 vehicles for its California ride-hailing service, up from 128 drivers and 28 cars at the August 2025 launch; Tesla does not have to update the CPUC as it adds drivers.","date":"21 Dec 2025","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"tesla-41","source":{"label":"Business Insider (via AOL)","url":"https://www.aol.com/articles/tesla-recruiting-factory-workers-sales-110101920.html","date":"2025-12-21"},"cells":{"company":"Tesla","kind":"Pay","fact":"Business Insider reported Tesla was recruiting factory workers and sales staff as AI operators who sit in the driver's seat of its Bay Area ride-hailing cars, with pay of around $25 to $30 per hour and a $500 referral bonus.","date":"21 Dec 2025","basis":"Reported by an outlet"}},{"key":"tesla-42","source":{"label":"TechCrunch","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/22/tesla-launches-robotaxi-rides-in-austin-with-big-promises-and-unanswered-questions","date":"2025-06-22"},"cells":{"company":"Tesla","kind":"Safety drivers","fact":"At the June 2025 Austin Robotaxi launch, each car carried a Tesla employee in the right front passenger seat as a safety monitor.","date":"22 Jun 2025","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"tesla-43","source":{"label":"Business Insider (via AOL)","url":"https://www.aol.com/articles/tesla-recruiting-factory-workers-sales-110101920.html","date":"2025-12-21"},"cells":{"company":"Tesla","kind":"Safety drivers","fact":"Tesla registered more than 220 test drivers and 100 vehicles with the California DMV in December 2024 for a permit to test its self-driving software with a test driver.","date":"1 Dec 2024","basis":"Reported by an outlet"}},{"key":"transdev-44","source":{"label":"Transdev North America","url":"https://transdevna.com/services-and-modes/autonomous-mobility/","date":"2026-10-18"},"cells":{"company":"Transdev","kind":"Staffing firm","fact":"Transdev says that since 2019 it has tested, deployed and operated Waymo's robotaxi fleets in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Austin, with over 1,000 operators supporting Waymo's technology validation and 24/7 commercial service.","date":"as of 18 Oct 2026","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"tsmg-45","source":{"label":"TSMG (Lever job board)","url":"https://jobs.lever.co/tsmg/1d732920-63dc-4a76-adc0-0723a982f738","date":"2024-06-13"},"cells":{"company":"TSMG (Terry Soot Management Group)","kind":"Staffing firm","fact":"Field data collection firm TSMG hires contract autonomous vehicle test operators in Los Angeles who monitor a client's self-driving vehicles in autonomous mode and offer ride hail service to the public; they must be 21+, hold a CDL and have 3 years of Class C driving.","date":"13 Jun 2024","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"tsmg-46","source":{"label":"TSMG (Lever job board)","url":"https://jobs.lever.co/tsmg/75266284-2e52-4a89-ba34-e429f4570823","date":"2023-12-19"},"cells":{"company":"TSMG (Terry Soot Management Group)","kind":"Staffing firm","fact":"TSMG recruits contract AV testing shift supervisors in Los Angeles who manage a team of operators and act as liaison between the client's program managers and its vehicle operators; the client is not named.","date":"19 Dec 2023","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"waymo-47","source":{"label":"Waymo","url":"https://waymo.com/blog/shorts/advice-not-control-the-role-of-remote-assistance/","date":"2026-02-17"},"cells":{"company":"Waymo","kind":"Remote staff","fact":"Waymo said about 70 Remote Assistance agents are on duty worldwide at any given time, including its US-based Event Response Team, for a fleet it put at 3,000 vehicles.","date":"17 Feb 2026","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"waymo-48","source":{"label":"Waymo","url":"https://storage.googleapis.com/waymo-prod-cdn/uploads/680a27f89a3aae48977db655a5f45005-Sen._Markey_RA_Letter_Waymo__Response.pdf","date":"2026-02-17"},"cells":{"company":"Waymo","kind":"Where they work","fact":"Waymo told Senator Markey that about half of its Remote Assistance agents, including the whole Event Response Team, are in the United States and the other half are in the Philippines; Markey's report found Waymo is the only AV company of the seven it surveyed that uses overseas remote assistance operators.","date":"17 Feb 2026","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"waymo-49","source":{"label":"Waymo","url":"https://storage.googleapis.com/waymo-prod-cdn/uploads/680a27f89a3aae48977db655a5f45005-Sen._Markey_RA_Letter_Waymo__Response.pdf","date":"2026-02-17"},"cells":{"company":"Waymo","kind":"Where they work","fact":"Waymo runs four remote assistance locations: Arizona, Michigan and two cities in the Philippines.","date":"17 Feb 2026","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"waymo-50","source":{"label":"Waymo","url":"https://storage.googleapis.com/waymo-prod-cdn/uploads/680a27f89a3aae48977db655a5f45005-Sen._Markey_RA_Letter_Waymo__Response.pdf","date":"2026-02-17"},"cells":{"company":"Waymo","kind":"Training and requirements","fact":"Waymo's overseas Remote Assistance agents must hold a driver's license recognized by the Philippine Land Transportation Office, reach at least B2 CEFR English, pass drug tests and have clean driving records.","date":"17 Feb 2026","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"waymo-51","source":{"label":"Waymo","url":"https://storage.googleapis.com/waymo-prod-cdn/uploads/680a27f89a3aae48977db655a5f45005-Sen._Markey_RA_Letter_Waymo__Response.pdf","date":"2026-02-17"},"cells":{"company":"Waymo","kind":"Staffing firm","fact":"Waymo said oversight of its overseas (Philippines) Remote Assistance agents is carried out through vendor partners under direct Waymo supervision; the letter does not name the vendors.","date":"17 Feb 2026","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"waymo-52","source":{"label":"Waymo","url":"https://storage.googleapis.com/waymo-prod-cdn/uploads/680a27f89a3aae48977db655a5f45005-Sen._Markey_RA_Letter_Waymo__Response.pdf","date":"2026-02-17"},"cells":{"company":"Waymo","kind":"Shifts","fact":"Waymo Remote Assistance agents work staggered and dedicated shifts, with examples given of 5 AM to 2 PM, 1 PM to 10 PM and 9 PM to 6 AM.","date":"17 Feb 2026","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"waymo-53","source":{"label":"Waymo","url":"https://storage.googleapis.com/waymo-prod-cdn/uploads/680a27f89a3aae48977db655a5f45005-Sen._Markey_RA_Letter_Waymo__Response.pdf","date":"2026-02-17"},"cells":{"company":"Waymo","kind":"Training and requirements","fact":"Waymo Remote Assistance agents must pass certification tests for each request type before handling live requests, and all agents take recertification training every six months.","date":"17 Feb 2026","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"waymo-54","source":{"label":"Waymo","url":"https://storage.googleapis.com/waymo-prod-cdn/uploads/680a27f89a3aae48977db655a5f45005-Sen._Markey_RA_Letter_Waymo__Response.pdf","date":"2026-02-17"},"cells":{"company":"Waymo","kind":"Other","fact":"Waymo said that every three months 45% of its Remote Assistance agents undergo a random drug and alcohol test, on top of testing at hire and for reasonable suspicion.","date":"17 Feb 2026","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"weride-55","source":{"label":"WeRide","url":"https://ir.weride.ai/news-releases/news-release-details/weride-reports-record-full-year-2025-revenue-rmb6846-million-90","date":"2026-03-23"},"cells":{"company":"WeRide","kind":"Operators per vehicle","fact":"WeRide said upgrades to its remote assistance system improved its remote assistance human-to-vehicle ratio in China from 1:10 in 2024 to 1:40.","date":"23 Mar 2026","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"wing-56","source":{"label":"Wing","url":"https://wing.com/news/wing-walmart-partner","date":"2023-08-24"},"cells":{"company":"Wing","kind":"Operators per vehicle","fact":"Wing said its drones essentially fly themselves, so each operator is approved to oversee many drones at once from a remote location, with no pilots stationed at stores or homes; it gave no number.","date":"24 Aug 2023","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"zipline-57","source":{"label":"Zipline (Greenhouse job board)","url":"https://boards.greenhouse.io/embed/job_app?for=flyzipline&token=7802192003","date":"2026-07-13"},"cells":{"company":"Zipline","kind":"Pay","fact":"Zipline's Fleet Commander (Remote Pilot in Command) role at its Fleet Command facility in South San Francisco pays $34.00 to $45.00 per hour; the commander owns the final safety call for multiple concurrent aircraft and needs an FAA Part 107 certificate.","date":"13 Jul 2026","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"zipline-58","source":{"label":"Zipline","url":"https://www.zipline.com/newsroom/future-remote-operations-drones","date":"2024-08-07"},"cells":{"company":"Zipline","kind":"Remote staff","fact":"Zipline said about a dozen people, mainly remote pilots in command, worked at its remote operations control center (ROCC) in Concord, North Carolina, monitoring its Utah and Arkansas distribution centers.","date":"7 Aug 2024","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"zoox-59","source":{"label":"Office of Senator Edward J. Markey (Wayback Machine copy)","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261007195414/https://www.markey.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/company_responses_to_rao_letter.pdf","date":"2026-03-31"},"cells":{"company":"Zoox","kind":"Where they work","fact":"Zoox said its TeleGuidance tacticians (its remote assistance operators) are all located in the US, across multiple TeleGuidance operation centers kept for redundancy.","date":"3 Mar 2026","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}},{"key":"zoox-60","source":{"label":"Office of Senator Edward J. Markey (Wayback Machine copy)","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261007195414/https://www.markey.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/company_responses_to_rao_letter.pdf","date":"2026-03-31"},"cells":{"company":"Zoox","kind":"Training and requirements","fact":"Zoox tacticians must hold a valid driver's license and pass a motor vehicle records check, a background check and drug screening; their training follows California DMV Article 3.7 section 227.38(f) and SAE recommendations.","date":"3 Mar 2026","basis":"Stated by the company or an official page"}}],"sample":"All 61 facts.","notes":[]}]}